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Characteristics of the dosage form.

Before the advent of tablets, pills were the main dosage form for internal use. Currently, the share of pills in the formulation of pharmacies does not exceed 1-1.5%. However, the pills have not lost their value as a dosage form that allows for broad individualization when prescribing drugs. The main advantage of pills is that a wide variety of drugs can be combined in the pill mass, and often those that in another dosage form (for example, in solutions) may be incompatible.

Mode of application.

Further, in the form of pills, it is possible to hide the unpleasant taste and smell of medicinal substances, especially if a shell is applied to the pills. The pills are very convenient to take: a pill that is round and slimy in the mouth is much easier to swallow than a tablet of equal weight. Pills are not inferior to tablets in terms of drug dosage accuracy and ease of storage. The slowness of action of medicinal substances in the form of pills, in comparison with other forms, should be evaluated and used as a prolonging property.

All substances that make up the pills can be divided by value into two groups Viagra

Recall that plasticity is the property of bodies to irreversibly change their shape under the influence of sufficiently large deforming forces, resisting deformation under the influence of small forces. As applied to the pill mass, plasticity should be understood as its ability to take the appropriate shape, that is, to roll out into a rod and then into balls. Simultaneously with plasticity, the pill mass should also have a definitely pronounced elasticity. If the pill mass does not possess this property, but shows some tendency to softening, then during storage, under the influence of relatively weak deforming forces, the spherical shape of the pills may change. On the other hand, if the pill mass becomes too elastic, then it is difficult to roll it into a rod and prepare round bodies of the correct shape. The ability of the pill mass to disintegrate in gastric (or intestinal) juice according to GPC refers to the ability of the pills rolled out of it to disintegrate in water or 0.5% hydrochloric acid solution at 37 ° C (with gentle shaking of the cone 1-2 times per second, avoiding shaking) within 1 hour. The specified properties of the pill mass are achieved by the appropriate selection of aids.

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The introduction of excipients into the pill mass is caused by the need to impart plasticity to it. In addition, the excipients contribute to the disintegration of the pills in the gastrointestinal tract and the release of medicinal substances.

Excipients and general instructions for their use.

Serves for dissolving medicinal substances. In addition, the water converts the swellable substances into gels or sticky sols and thereby provides adhesion of the solid components of the pill mass. The basic rule is to try to prepare the pill mass first of all with the help of water. Other solvent or binders are used when they can produce a better quality mass than water.

Serves for the treatment of resinous pill masses, since resins dissolve in ethanol or swell in it.

Sugar (beet and milk). Beet sugar is used in the form of simple syrup, sugar water (equal parts of syrup and water), as well as a mixture of syrup, glycerin and water (1: 1: 8); slows down drying. Can be used as a powder as a hydrophilic plasticizer. Milk sugar does not absorb water, but it makes the pills easier to disintegrate.

Plastifies pill masses that contain a large amount of solids better than water. Usually consumed as Aqua giycerinata (1: 1).

Plant extracts. The most commonly used thick licorice extract is a highly viscous hygroscopic liquid that plasticizes pill masses well and slows down their drying at the same time. When using dry liquorice extract, the addition of glycerin and glycerin water is required.

Contraindications

Almost all medicinal substances (liquid, thick and dry) can be turned into pill masses using licorice extracts. In this case, it is necessary to use root powder, otherwise the pills will befall with difficulty.

Ingredients

Dense extracts of dandelion, wormwood, and valerian root are also good binders suitable for making many pill masses. However, these extracts must be considered both adjuvans (bitterness) and medicinal substances (valerian extract) at the same time.

Herbal Viagra. Powders of licorice root, dandelion, wormwood, valerian root are always accompanied in pills with the extracts of the same name. Other plant powders, such as marshmallow powder, can also be added to the composition of the pill masses. All plant powders contain both soluble or water-swollen substances and insoluble solid particles of plant tissues. Therefore, they can be in the liquid and solid phases of the pill mass. The above applies equally to rosehip and wheat flour. Rosehip fruits (pulp) contain many pectin substances, which swell in the presence of water and bind the incoming ingredients well, resulting in a plastic and sufficiently elastic pill mass.

A high swelling capacity due to the presence of gluten in wheat flour and its high elasticity make it possible to prepare pills even from pill masses that are difficult to process.

Release form

Mineral powders (bentonite, white clay, aluminum hydroxide, aerosil). They differ in their ability to absorb liquids (water, oils). They act on the mass as drying agents, imparting greater hardness to the pills after drying. They are widely used in cases where the pills contain substances that are readily decomposed in the presence of organic substances.

It is mainly used in the manufacture of pills from extracts and highly viscous liquids.

It enters the mass as a solid phase. At body temperature, starch swells noticeably, so pills containing it disintegrate more easily. Starch is good to combine with glucose and sugar.

Based on the properties and role in the pill mass, all of the listed excipients can be divided into three groups

1) solvents and liquid components that maintain the necessary moisture content of the pills and have weak binding properties (water, ethanol, glycerin and their mixtures); 2) substances, emulsifying liquids and gluing hydrophobic solid particles (plant extracts, wheat flour, rose hips in powder); 3) powdery substances that compact the mass to a plastic state and reduce elasticity (vegetable powders, starch, sugar, starch-sugar mixtures, aerosil and other mineral powders).

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The effect of some excipients can be mixed. For example, flour contains highly hydrophilic gluten and at the same time slightly hydrophilic (at ordinary temperatures) starch. Obviously, the latter will act as a sealing substance and at the same time reduce the high elasticity of gluten. This applies equally to plant powders, since, along with substances capable of forming sticky and viscous solutions (pectins, mucus), they contain many insoluble and non-swelling particles (starch, particles of various tissues), which are typical plasticizers.

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The choice of excipients for obtaining a good pill mass depends on the properties of the administered medicinal substances and their amounts. Let us explain this with a few examples.

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Medicinal substances are liquids that are not miscible with water. In this case, it is necessary to preliminarily emulsify them using the appropriateemulsifiers, followed by sealing of the emulsion body.

11 august 2021

Thus, medicinal substances can be in pills in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion. The pill mass should be considered as a plastic mass consisting of two phases: 1) a hydrophobic or low-hydrophilic solid phase; 2) hydrophilic gelatinous or highly viscous liquid phase. Medicinal substances can be in any of these phases together with excipients. The optimal quantitative ratio of these phases, as well as all the properties of the pill mass, are a complex function of the properties of medicinal and excipients. Therefore, even before the preparation of the pills, it is necessary to think over, and if necessary, check the properties and behavior of medicinal and auxiliary substances when they are combined in the pill mass.

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13 august 2021

Prescribing pills. When prescribing pills, prescriptions usually indicate only the amounts of drugs based on the total number of pills prescribed. At the same time, the amounts of excipients are not indicated (recipe 20.1) or indicated in a general formulation: quantum satis - how much is needed (recipe 20.2).

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